staunch

英语

发音

(标准英音) 英语发音：stônch, stônsh、国际音标^(帮助): /stɔːn(t)ʃ/
（英国南部）音频： (档案)
(通用美式) 英语发音：stônch, stônsh, stänch, stänsh、国际音标^(帮助): /stɔn(t)ʃ/, /stɑn(t)ʃ/
(部分口音) 英语发音：stänch, stänsh、国际音标^(帮助): /stɑːn(t)ʃ/
韵部：-ɔːntʃ, -ɑːntʃ

词源 1

源自中古英语 staunch、staunche (“状态良好的，不需维修的；稳固的，坚实的；防水的；（指人或伤口）不再流血的；肯定的；完好的；坚定地，稳健地”) [以及其他形式]，^[1]源自盎格鲁-诺曼语 estaunche、古法语 estanche (“稳固的，防水的”)（现代法语 étanche (“气密的；防水的”)），estanc (“池塘”)的变体，^[2]源自estanchier (“堵塞（水流，血流等）；使...防水；解（渴）”)（现代法语 étancher），可能源自下列词之一：

源自通俗拉丁语 *stagnicāre，源自拉丁语 stāgnum (“一滩死水；池塘；沼泽”)，可能源自原始印欧语 *steh₂g- (“滴；渗”)。^[3]
源自通俗拉丁语 *stānticāre，源自*stānticus (“疲劳的”)，源自拉丁语 stāns, stāntis (“站立的；遗留的，停留的”)。stāns是stō (“站立；剩余，停留”)的现在主动分词，最终源自原始印欧语 *steh₂- (“站”)。

同源词

意大利语 stanco (“疲劳的”)
葡萄牙语 estanque (“防水的”)
罗曼什语 staunza (“房间”)
西班牙语 estanco (“关闭的，密闭的；气密的；防水的”)

形容词

staunch (比较级 stauncher，最高级 staunchest)

防水的，不透水的
近义词：watertight
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra
- Template:RQ:Swift Gulliver
1. (引申义) 气密的，不透气的
  近义词：airtight、hermetically sealed
  - Template:RQ:Boyle New Experiments
稳固的，牢固的；状态良好的
(比喻义)
1. 坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的
  近义词：constant、determined、persistent、firm、resolute、steadfast、unswerving、unwavering、unyielding
  
  Without our staunch front line the enemy would have split the regiment.
  没有我们牢不可破的前线敌人已经把整个团分裂了。
  - Template:RQ:Massinger Bondman
  - Template:RQ:Prior Poems
  - Template:RQ:Cowper Task
  - Template:RQ:Scott Tales of My Landlord 2
  - Template:RQ:Scott Quentin Durward
  - Template:RQ:Irving Tales of a Traveller
  - 1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge”, 出自 Master Humphrey’s Clock, 第 II 卷, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 6，第 265 页:
    Is it like you, who have known me so long and sought my advice in all matters—like you, who from a girl have had a strong mind and a staunch heart?
    （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  - 1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, 出自 Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，第 571 页:
    [T]ouching the much vexed question of stimulants he relished a glass of choice old wine in season as both nourishing and bloodmaking and possessing aperient virtues (notably a good burgundy which he was a staunch believer in) […]
    （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  - 2023年6月12日, Tom Dart, “US culture wars come to baseball as MLB celebrates Pride month”, 出自 The Guardian‎^[1], →ISSN:
    The fast-food chain Chick-fil-A was founded by a staunch Christian, is closed on Sundays and has previously donated to organisations with anti-LGBTQ+ stances.
    （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
2. 可靠的，忠实的，值得信任的
  He’s been a staunch supporter of mine through every election.
  在每次选举中，他都是我忠实的支持者。
  - Template:RQ:Dickens Oliver Twist
  - 1959 April, P. Ransome-Wallis, “The Southern in Trouble on the Kent Coast”, 出自 Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 213 页:
    Never at any time in its history has there been so much universal anger at and criticism of the Southern. The railway's staunchest friends must concede that most of it is justified.
    （请为本引文添加中文翻译）
  1. (主要用于狩猎，指猎狗) 能够追寻到猎物踪迹的
3. (弃用) 拘谨的，克制的
  近义词：guarded
  - Template:RQ:Barrow Evil-Speaking

其他形式

stanch (古旧)

衍生词汇

词源 2

源自中古英语 staunchen、staunche (“止血，止泻或阻止其他体液流出；缓解，缓和；安抚，满足；治疗；克服；结束，结果；抑制；（指河流或水流）停止流动；（指水，风，某种天气）平静下来；熄灭，扑灭”) [以及其他形式]，^[4]源自盎格鲁-诺曼语 estauncher、estaunchier、estanger、古法语 estancher、estanchier (动词) [以及其他形式]。^[3]详见词源1以及stanch。

动词

staunch (第三人称单数简单现在时 staunches，现在分词 staunching，一般过去时及过去分词 staunched)

stanch的另一种拼写法
- Template:RQ:Coverdale Bible
- Template:RQ:Cowper Poems
- 1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 章号 VII, 出自艾凡赫, 第 III 卷, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，第 178 页:
  [T]he iron head of a square cross-bow bolt disengaged itself from the wound, the bleeding was staunched, the wound was closed, and the dying man was, within the quarter of an hour, walking upon the ramparts, […]
  （请为本引文添加中文翻译）

用法说明

比起staunch，stanch更常用来作动词的拼写，特别是在美国，而staunch更常作形容词的拼写，此时stanch已古旧。在严格的规范语法中，部分读者会认为反过来使用是错误的。

衍生词汇

staunchable
staunched (形容词)
stauncher
staunching (形容词，名词)
unstaunched

词源 3

两种可能性：^[5]

源自中古英语 staunche、stanche (“止血物；（比喻义）荠菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris）”)，^[6]源自古法语 estanche (“池塘；水箱”)，源自estanc (“池塘”)（源自法语 étang (“池塘；环礁湖”)），源自estanchier (动词)，详见词源2；和/或
直接派生自动词。

名词

staunch (复数 staunches)

(弃用) 阻塞物，止住液体流动的物体
1. (specifically，古旧) 止血药，止血植物
  近义词：styptic
(弃用) 阻塞，阻止液体流动
(矿业) afterdamp (“沼气爆炸后产生的窒息性气体”)之同义词

其他形式

stanch

词源 4

见stanch（的词源4）。

名词

staunch (复数 staunches)

stanch (“泄洪闸”)的另一种拼写法

参考资料

↑ “staunch(e, adj.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
↑ “staunch, adj.”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，December 2022年; “staunch¹, adj.”，Lexico，Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press，2019–present年.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 “stanch | staunch, v.”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，December 2022年; “staunch², v.”，Lexico，Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press，2019–present年.
↑ “staunchen, v.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
↑ 对比“stanch | staunch, n.¹”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，March 2022年
↑ “staunche, n.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

异序词

canthus, chaunts

[1] “staunch(e, adj.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

[2] “staunch, adj.”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，December 2022年; “staunch¹, adj.”，Lexico，Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press，2019–present年.

[OED-3] 3.0 ^3.1 “stanch | staunch, v.”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，December 2022年; “staunch², v.”，Lexico，Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press，2019–present年.

[4] “staunchen, v.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

[5] 对比“stanch | staunch, n.¹”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，March 2022年

[6] “staunche, n.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

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