firmament
英语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
源自中古英语 firmament、furmament (“天空”),[1]源自古法语 firmament (“天空”),或源自其词源拉丁语 firmāmentum (“支撑;天空”),源自firmāre (“增强,强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介,或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固,固化”)的现在主动不定式,源自firmus (“稳固的,稳定的”),最终源自原始印欧语 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。[2]
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中,用于翻译七十士译本(希腊语的《旧约圣经》)中的古希腊语 στερέωμα (steréōma, “框架,基础;天空”)一词,该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯来语 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “天穹”),源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`),在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)(与“压紧”有关)派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, “固实的,稳固的;天空,天穹”)。[2]
发音[编辑]
名词[编辑]
firmament (可数 和 不可数,复数 firmaments)
- (usually,不可数,书面,诗歌,亦比喻义) 天空,天穹,苍穹
- Template:RQ:Geneva Bible
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare Hamlet Q1-2
- 1609, Everie VVoman in Her Humor, London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as John S. Farmer 编, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)[1], [Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:
- Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:
- And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 1667, John Milton, “Book II”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版为 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC,行号s 174–175:
- [W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- Template:RQ:Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress
- Template:RQ:Young Night-Thoughts
- 1825 January, H. G. B., “The Bride of Parma”, 出自 The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […], 卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC,页号 68,列号 2:
- And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 1831, James Bell, “[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, 出自 A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […], 卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC,页号 34:
- Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence,源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- Template:RQ:Eliot Middlemarch
- 2001 December, J. Robert King, “Who are We?”, 出自 Brian Thomsen 编, Lancelot du Lethe, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN,页号 229:
- On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 2002, Barbara Kingsolver, “Small Wonder”, 出自 Small Wonder: Essays, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版于 2009, →ISBN:
- The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 2013, Alexander Miller, “The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, 出自 Michael Beaney 编, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy),页号 658:
- [...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- (可数) 界,圈 (某个活动或利益的圈子)
- the international fashion firmament
- 国际时尚界
- 1997, Michael Schaller, “Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, 出自 Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN,页号 7:
- Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 1999, Shannon Wiley, “Introduction”, 出自 Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版于 2001, →ISBN,页号 8:
- By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- 2008, Adrienne L. McLean, “A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, 出自 Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN,页号 40:
- She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- (不可数,天文学,历史) 第八天球;(可数,引申义) 天球
- 1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, 出自 The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3,页号 254:
- [B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- Template:RQ:Spectator
- 1715, H[enry] Curson, “A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, 出自 A New Description of the World. […], 2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:
- The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- (不可数,圣经外弃用) 天界,天堂
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1,列号 1:
- Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- (可数,弃用) 头巾上的星形珠宝
- 1690, [Mary Evelyn], “A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, 出自 [John Evelyn] 编, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN,页号 7:
- Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- [1690, [Mary Evelyn], “The Fop-dictionary. […]”, 出自 [John Evelyn] 编, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN,页号 18:
- Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)]
- (可数,弃用,亦比喻义) 基础
- 2012 1月 25, Josh Brown, “Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, 出自 Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal[2],于8 December 2013归档自原页面:
- Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.
- (请为本引文添加中文翻译)
- (可数,弃用) 稳固,巩固,强化
衍生词汇[编辑]
注释[编辑]
- ↑ 源自Petrus Apianus; Gemma Frisius (1539) Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet, Antwerp: In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann], OCLC 1113627241.
参考资料[编辑]
- ↑ “firmament, n.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “firmament, n.”, OED Online , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1896; “firmament, n.”, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
延伸阅读[编辑]
- firmament在英语维基百科上的资料。维基百科 en
- Template:R:Britannica 1911
加泰罗尼亚语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
源自拉丁语 firmāmentum。
发音[编辑]
名词[编辑]
firmament m (复数 firmaments)
延伸阅读[编辑]
- 参见“firmament” 在 Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició(加泰罗尼亚语词典,第二版), Institut d’Estudis Catalans中的解释。
- “firmament”, Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “firmament” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “firmament” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
荷兰语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
源自中古荷兰语 firmament,源自拉丁语 firmāmentum,由哲罗姆所造,用于翻译古希腊语 στερέωμα (steréōma, “稳固结构”),而其又用于翻译希伯来语 רקיע (“天穹”)。
发音[编辑]
名词[编辑]
firmament n (复数 firmamenten)
- 天空,天穹
- 近义词: gespan、hemelgespan、uitspansel
派生语汇[编辑]
- → 帕皮阿门托语: firmament (过时)
法语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
继承自中古法语 firmament,源自古法语 firmament,借自拉丁语 firmāmentum。
发音[编辑]
名词[编辑]
firmament m (复数 firmaments)
延伸阅读[编辑]
- 查看“firmament”在le Trésor de la langue française informatisé(《法语数字化宝典》)中的释义。
瑙鲁语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
源自德语 Firmament,源自中古高地德语 firmament,源自晚期拉丁语 firmāmentum。
名词[编辑]
firmament
奥克语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
源自拉丁语 firmāmentum。
发音[编辑]
(贝阿恩)音频 (文档)
名词[编辑]
firmament m (复数 firmaments)
延伸阅读[编辑]
- Joan de Cantalausa (2006) Diccionari general occitan a partir dels parlars lengadocians, 2版, ISBN 9782912293046, 页484.
波兰语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
古典借词,源自拉丁语 firmāmentum。
发音[编辑]
名词[编辑]
firmament m 无生
延伸阅读[编辑]
- 参见firmament 在 Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN 中的内容
- 参见波兰语词典PWN上有关firmament的内容
罗马尼亚语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
借自法语 firmament,源自拉丁语 firmamentum。
名词[编辑]
firmament n (不可数)
变格[编辑]
单数 | ||
---|---|---|
n性 | 不定 | 定 |
主格/宾格 | (un) firmament | firmamentul |
属格/与格 | (unui) firmament | firmamentului |
呼格 | firmamentule |
- 缺少作者和编辑参数的参考模板
- 派生自原始印欧语的英语词
- 来自原始印欧语词根*dʰer-的英语词
- 源自中古英语的英语继承词
- 派生自中古英语的英语词
- 派生自古法语的英语词
- 派生自拉丁语的英语词
- 英语3音节词
- 有国际音标的英语词
- 有音频链接的英语词
- 英语词元
- 英语名词
- 英语不可数名词
- 英语可数名词
- 英语书面用语
- 英语诗歌语
- 有引文的英语词
- 有使用例的英语词
- 英语 天文学
- 有历史词义的英语词
- 英语 圣经
- 英语弃用词语
- 英语 淘汰的科学理论
- 英语 宇宙学
- 英语 天文
- 英语 球
- 含有后缀-ment的英语名词
- 含有后缀-ment的英语词
- 派生自拉丁语的加泰罗尼亚语词
- 有国际音标的加泰罗尼亚语词
- 加泰罗尼亚语词元
- 加泰罗尼亚语名词
- 加泰罗尼亚语可数名词
- 加泰罗尼亚语阳性名词
- 源自中古荷兰语的荷兰语继承词
- 派生自中古荷兰语的荷兰语词
- 派生自拉丁语的荷兰语词
- 派生自古希腊语的荷兰语词
- 派生自希伯来语的荷兰语词
- 有国际音标的荷兰语词
- 有音频链接的荷兰语词
- Rhymes:荷兰语/ɛnt
- Rhymes:荷兰语/ɛnt/3音节
- 荷兰语词元
- 荷兰语名词
- 荷兰语中性名词
- 源自中古法语的法语继承词
- 派生自中古法语的法语词
- 源自古法语的法语继承词
- 派生自古法语的法语词
- 派生自拉丁语的法语词
- 法语3音节词
- 有国际音标的法语词
- 有音频链接的法语词
- 法语词元
- 法语名词
- 法语可数名词
- 法语阳性名词
- 源自德语的瑙鲁语借词
- 派生自德语的瑙鲁语词
- 派生自中古高地德语的瑙鲁语词
- 派生自晚期拉丁语的瑙鲁语词
- 瑙鲁语词元
- 瑙鲁语名词
- 派生自拉丁语的奥克语词
- 有音频链接的奥克语词
- 奥克语词元
- 奥克语名词
- 奥克语阳性名词
- 奥克语可数名词
- 源自拉丁语的波兰语借词
- 源自拉丁语的波兰语古典借词
- 派生自拉丁语的波兰语词
- 波兰语3音节词
- 有国际音标的波兰语词
- 有音频链接的波兰语词
- Rhymes:波兰语/amɛnt
- Rhymes:波兰语/amɛnt/3音节
- 波兰语词元
- 波兰语名词
- 波兰语阳性名词
- 波兰语无生名词
- 有古旧词义的波兰语词
- 源自法语的罗马尼亚语借词
- 派生自法语的罗马尼亚语词
- 派生自拉丁语的罗马尼亚语词
- 罗马尼亚语词元
- 罗马尼亚语名词
- 罗马尼亚语不可数名词
- 罗马尼亚语中性名词