firmament

參見：Firmament

英语

词源

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.

One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven^{[n 1]}

源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，^[1]源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。^[2]

拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma, “框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, “固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。^[2]

发音

(標準英音) 國際音標^(幫助): /ˈfɜːməm(ə)nt/
(通用美式) 國際音標^(幫助): /ˈfɝməmənt/
（通用美式）音频： (檔案)
斷字：fir‧ma‧ment

名词

firmament (可數和不可數，複數 firmaments)

(常不可數，書面，詩歌，亦比喻義) 天空，天穹，苍穹
近義詞：(英国，方言) lift、(诗歌，古旧) welkin、sky、heaven
- Template:RQ:Geneva Bible
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare Hamlet Q1-2
- 1609, Everie VVoman in Her Humor, London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as John S. Farmer 編, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)‎^[1], [Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:
  Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]
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- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:
  And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.
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- 1667, John Milton, “Book II”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，第 174–175 行s:
  [W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]
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- Template:RQ:Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress
- Template:RQ:Young Night-Thoughts
- 1825 January, H. G. B., “The Bride of Parma”, 出自 The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […], 第 XVI 卷, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC，第 68 頁，第 2 列:
  And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!
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- 1831, James Bell, “[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, 出自 A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […], 第 V 卷, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC，第 34 頁:
  Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence，源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.
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- Template:RQ:Eliot Middlemarch
- 2001 December, J. Robert King, “Who are We?”, 出自 Brian Thomsen 編, Lancelot du Lethe, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN，第 229 頁:
  On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.
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- 2002, Barbara Kingsolver, “Small Wonder”, 出自 Small Wonder: Essays, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:
  The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.
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- 2013, Alexander Miller, “The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, 出自 Michael Beaney 編, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy)，第 658 頁:
  [...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.
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(可數) 界，圈（某个活动或利益的圈子）
the international fashion firmament
国际时尚界
- 1997, Michael Schaller, “Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, 出自 Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，第 7 頁:
  Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.
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- 1999, Shannon Wiley, “Introduction”, 出自 Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版於 2001, →ISBN，第 8 頁:
  By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.
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- 2008, Adrienne L. McLean, “A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, 出自 Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，第 40 頁:
  She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.
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(不可數，天文學，歷史) 第八天球；(可數，引申义) 天球
- 1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, 出自 The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3，第 254 頁:
  [B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]
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- Template:RQ:Spectator
- 1715, H[enry] Curson, “A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, 出自 A New Description of the World. […], 2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:
  The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.
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(不可數，聖經外棄用) 天界，天堂
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1，第 1 列:
  Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.
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(可數，棄用) 头巾上的星形珠宝
- 1690, [Mary Evelyn], “A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, 出自 [John Evelyn] 編, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，第 7 頁:
  Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]
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- [1690, [Mary Evelyn], “The Fop-dictionary. […]”, 出自 [John Evelyn] 編, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，第 18 頁:
  Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.
  （請為本引文添加中文翻譯）]
(可數，棄用，亦比喻義) 基础
- 2012年1月25日, Josh Brown, “Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, 出自 Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal‎^[2]，於8 December 2013歸檔自原頁面:
  Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.
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(可數，棄用) 稳固，巩固，强化

衍生词汇

注释

↑ 源自Petrus Apianus; Gemma Frisius (1539年) Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet，Antwerp：In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann]，OCLC 1113627241.

参考资料

↑ “firmament, n.” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 “firmament, n.”，OED Online ⁠，Oxford, Oxfordshire：Oxford University Press，1896年; “firmament, n.”，Lexico，Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press，2019–present年.

延伸阅读

firmament在英語維基百科上的資料。維基百科 ^en
Template:R:Britannica 1911

加泰罗尼亚语

词源

源自拉丁語 firmāmentum。

发音

國際音標^(幫助): (中加泰羅尼亞) [ˌfir.məˈmen]
國際音標^(幫助): (巴利阿里) [ˌfir.məˈment]
國際音標^(幫助): (瓦倫西亞) [ˌfiɾ.maˈment]

名词

firmament m (複數 firmaments)

天空，天国

延伸阅读

參見“firmament” 在 Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició（加泰羅尼亞語詞典，第二版）, Institut d’Estudis Catalans中的解釋。
“firmament”，Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana，Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana，2024年
“firmament” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
“firmament” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.