habeo
拉丁語
[编辑]其他形式
[编辑]詞源
[编辑]源自原始意大利語 *habēō 或 *haβēō；後者源自早期的 *haβējō，可能源自 *gʰeh₁bʰ-éh₁-ye-ti，源自原始印歐語 *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“抓，拿”)。對照古愛爾蘭語 gaibid (“拿，握”)、波蘭語 gabać (“搭訕，起訴”)。
因此，長期以來人們認為它與英語 give 有關，儘管最近的研究對此表示懷疑。儘管在含義和形式上相似，但 habeo 與英語 have 無關，後者反而是拉丁語 capiō (“拿，取”) 的同源詞。
奧斯坎語和翁布里亞語有帶有 -b- 的同源形式，[1]這必然反映了原始的 *-b-，因為原始義大利語 *-β-（也就是原始印歐語 *-bʰ-）在這些語言中變成了 -f-，而不是 -b-。另一方面，*b 是原始印歐語中很少見的音位，其地位仍然存在爭議。因此，這個詞的確切起源尚不清楚。
最早的文獻見於普勞圖斯（約公元前254年至前184年）的作品和《巴克科斯祭典諮詢會決議》（公元前186年）。翁布里亞語的同源詞 hab- 見於《伊古維鐃青銅板》（最古老的銘牌為公元前3世紀）。奧斯坎語的同源詞 haf-[2]見於《班提納銅表》（公元前89年）。
當在後期拉丁語及其後的羅曼語族中用作未來時時，發音演變為 /ˈaβjo/ > /ˈajo/。
發音
[编辑]動詞
[编辑]habeō (現在不定式 habēre，完成主動式 habuī，目的動名詞 habitum)；第二類變位
- 有，持有
- 擁有（財產）
- Cavē, catapultam habeō! ― 小心，我有一台投石機！
- 具備，具有（特質）
- 保留，維持
- 管理，統治；主持
- Lua错误：Parameter "quote" is not used by this template.。
- 將某人或某物看待、視為或認為是……
- 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri I.40:
- […] pro indignissimo habuerant se patrio regno tutoris fraude pulsos
- […] 他們認為最殘忍的，是因監護人的背叛而從父親的王位上被趕下來。
- […] pro indignissimo habuerant se patrio regno tutoris fraude pulsos
- 接受，忍受，承受
- (可否为此义项增加一个例句？)
- (感受、問題等) 影響，困擾（某人）
- 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 26.1:
- Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.
- 這種擔憂在當時格外困擾著全神貫注的羅馬人，與其說是因為憤怒（對任何一座城市的憤怒都從未如此合情合理），不如說是因為這座如此高貴且強大的城市，既然曾以其叛亂吸引了一些城邦的支持，人們認為一旦將其重新奪回，便會再次將眾人的目光轉回對舊政府的敬意上。
- Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.
- (愛人) 享受，擁有，佔有
- (及物、不及物，罕用，主要用於前古典) 居住於某處；棲息於某地
- 近義詞：habitō
- Pl., Trin. 1.2.156:
- Vbi nunc adulescens habet?
- 那個年輕人現在住在哪裡？
- Vbi nunc adulescens habet?
- Pl., Trin. 2.2.115–116:
- Haec sunt aedes, hic habet;
Lesbonico est nomen.- （請為本引文添加中文翻譯）
- Haec sunt aedes, hic habet;
- Cic., Fam. 7.6.1:
- hoc tibi tam ignoscemus nos amici, quam ignoverunt Medeae, quae Corinthum arcem altam habebant matronae opulentae, […]
- 我們這些朋友會原諒你，就像美狄亞的過錯被那些居住在科林斯高地的富貴主婦們所原諒一樣 […]
- hoc tibi tam ignoscemus nos amici, quam ignoverunt Medeae, quae Corinthum arcem altam habebant matronae opulentae, […]
- 59 BC–AD 17, Titus Livius 30.4:
- dum in conloquio legati essent uagi per castra alius alia […] qua Poeni qua Numidae haberent […] specularentur
- （請為本引文添加中文翻譯）
- dum in conloquio legati essent uagi per castra alius alia […] qua Poeni qua Numidae haberent […] specularentur
- (晚期拉丁語，中世紀拉丁語，完成時的助動詞) 已經
- Nec in publico vestimenta lavare, nec berbices tondere habeant licitum ― 他們沒有允許在公共場合洗衣服，也不允許剪羊毛
- Illud sacramentum quod juratum habeo ― 我已經發過的誓
- 430-489，Caius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius，Epistolae Liber Octavus, Epistola I，278頁：
- […] hoc quasi stagnum pernavigemus nam satis habeo deliberatum, sicut adhibendam in consciptione diligentiam […]
- （請為本引文添加中文翻譯）
- (晚期拉丁語，中世紀拉丁語，現在時，接不定式) 想要；將，會，應該
- Feri eum adhuc, nam si non feriveris, ego te ferire habeo ― 再打他一次，因為如果你不打，我將打你
- Currens affer illum ad me, ego enim eum habeo baptizare ― 快把他帶到我這裡，我要為他施洗
- Ipse enim, quia ægrotat, habeo eum visitare ― 他生病了，我想去探望他
- (晚期拉丁語，中世紀拉丁語，過去未完成時，接不定式) 會，將要
- (晚期拉丁語，中世紀拉丁語) 必須；被迫
- (中世紀拉丁語，表存在) 有，存在
- Habet in Spīnogilō mānsum dominicātum cum casā et aliīs casticiīs sufficienter ― 在 Spinogilo 有一座領主的別墅，附帶房屋及其他建築
用法說明
[编辑]- 在後期拉丁語中，隨著古典合成未來時因語音變化在口語中逐漸衰落，其多種迂迴表達法之一是將 habeo 的現在時變位與不定詞連用；最初這種結構嚴格來說表示情態：
- 最終它成為羅曼語族中表達未來時的常見方式：
- 公元5世紀早期，奧古斯丁，《約翰福音佈道》（In Evangelium Ioannis Tractatus），I, 4,2：
- 公元5世紀早期，奧古斯丁，《約翰福音佈道》（In Evangelium Ioannis Tractatus），I, 4,2：
變位
[编辑] habeō (第二類變位)的變位
1至少有一個古老的「希臘式s型將來時」和「希臘式s型不定過去時」的用例有文獻記載，這些形式被古拉丁語作家使用，最著名的是普勞圖斯和泰倫提烏斯。希臘式s型將來時通常表達將來時或將來完成時的含義，而希臘式s型不定過去時則表達可能的願望（「可能想要」）。
2帶有 -ier 的現在時被動不定式是一種罕見的詩歌形式，有文獻記載。
派生詞彙
[编辑]相關詞彙
[编辑]派生語彙
[编辑]- 巴爾幹羅曼語支：
- 意大利-達爾馬提亞語支：
- 帕達尼亞語支：
- 雷托-羅曼語：
- 高盧-羅曼語支：
- 奧克-羅曼語支：
- 西伊比利亞語支：
- 島嶼羅曼語支：
參考資料
[编辑]- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “habeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 277-8
- ↑ 完成時：hip-；卡爾·達林·巴克認為 f 是一個錯誤，應該是 p，因此現在時詞幹會是 hap-。
延伸閱讀
[编辑]- habeo in Charlton T. Lewis & Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879
- “habeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- habeo在Gaffiot, Félix （1934），Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français (拉丁語-法語詳解詞典)，Hachette中的內容
- habeo在Charles du Fresne du Cange的Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
- Carl Meissner；Henry William Auden （1894），Latin Phrase-Book[1]，London：Macmillan and Co.
- to have time for a thing: tempus habere alicui rei
- to have something in one's hands, on hand: in manibus habere aliquid (also metaphorically)
- to treat as one's own child: aliquem in liberorum loco habere
- I was ten years old at the time: tum habebam decem annos
- such was the end of... (used of a violent death): talem vitae exitum (not finem) habuit (Nep. Eum. 13)
- the facts are these; the matter stands thus: res ita est, ita (sic) se habet
- to come to an end: finem habere
- to turn out (well); to result (satisfactorily): eventum, exitum (felicem) habere
- to have regard for; take into consideration: rationem habere alicuius rei
- to have considerable influence on a question: magnam vim habere ad aliquid
- to contain, afford matter for criticism: ansam habere reprehensionis
- to have success in one's grasp: fortunam in manibus habere
- to afford no consolation: nihil habere consolationis
- to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence: magnas opes habere
- to be well-disposed towards..: benevolentiam habere erga aliquem
- to feel gratitude (in one's heart): gratiam alicui habere
- to be at enmity with a man: inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere cum aliquo
- to harp on a thing, be always talking of it: in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5)
- to have the reputation of virtue: opinionem virtutis habere
- to honour, show respect for, a person: honorem alicui habere, tribuere
- to be at leisure: otium habere
- to have formed an ideal notion of a thing: comprehensam quandam animo speciem (alicuius rei) habere
- a thing which is rather (very) dubious: quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)
- to know a thing for certain: aliquid compertum habere
- I am quite certain on the point: mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo
- convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point: sic habeto
- to deliberate together (of a number of people): consilium habere (de aliqua re)
- I am resolved; it is my intention: in animo habeo or mihi est in animo c. Inf.
- to have a theoretical knowledge of a thing: ratione, doctrina (opp. usu) aliquid cognitum habere
- to have had great experience in a thing: magnum usum in aliqua re habere
- we know from experience: usu cognitum habemus
- to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
- to be well-informed, erudite: multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse
- to have as authority for a thing: auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei
- to be well acquainted with the views of philosophers: praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere
- to give lectures: scholas habere, explicare (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
- to know nothing of logic: disserendi artem nullam habere
- to maintain a controversy with some one: controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo
- to be a man of taste: sensum, iudicium habere
- to have an appreciative audience: populum facilem, aequum habere
- to make a speech: orationem habere (Tusc. 5. 33. 94)
- to read a speech: de scripto orationem habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria)
- I have nothing to write about: non habeo argumentum scribendi
- I have nothing to write about: non habeo, non est quod scribam
- to be engaged on a book: librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1. 1. 2)
- something harasses me, makes me anxious: aliquid me sollicitat, me sollicitum habet, mihi sollicitudini est, mihi sollicitudinem affert
- I am content to..: satis habeo, satis mihi est c. Inf.
- to be brave, courageous: bonum animum habere
- to cherish a hope: spem habere
- to set one's hope on some one: spem habere in aliquo
- to possess not the least spark of feeling: nullam partem sensus habere
- to feel affection for a person: carum habere aliquem
- to feel affection for a person: in amore habere aliquem
- to be some one's favourite: in amore et deliciis esse alicui (active in deliciis habere aliquem)
- to have laid something to heart; to take an interest in a thing: curae habere aliquid
- there is nothing I am more interested in than..: nihil antiquius or prius habeo quam ut (nihil mihi antiquius or potius est, quam ut)
- to be admired: admirationem habere (Quintil. 8. 2. 6)
- to believe a person: fidem habere alicui
- to have great confidence in a thing: fiduciam (alicuius rei) habere
- a thing finds credence, is credible: aliquid fidem habet (vid. also fides under sect. VII., History)
- to suspect a person: suspicionem habere de aliquo
- to be suspected of a thing: suspicionem alicuius rei habere
- to cherish an inveterate animosity against some one: odium inveteratum habere in aliquem (Vat. 3. 6)
- this is a characteristic of virtue, it..: virtus hoc habet, ut...
- to overcome one's passions: coercere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates
- to give offense to, to shock a person (used of things, vid. sect. V. 18): offensionem habere
- there is something repulsive about the thing: res habet aliquid offensionis
- to have the appearance of something: speciem alicuius rei habere
- to pay divine honours to some one: alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere
- to have power over the people by trading on their religious scruples: religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos (Liv. 6. 1. 10)
- to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing: aliquid religioni habere or in religionem vertere
- to have innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by intuition: insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere (N. D. 1. 17. 44)
- to celebrate a festival of thanksgiving: supplicationem habere (Liv. 22. 1. 15)
- to hold a lectisternium: lectisternium facere, habere (Liv. 22. 1. 18)
- to possess means, to be well off: rem or opes habere, bona possidere, in bonis esse
- to dwell in a certain place: domicilium (sedem ac domicilium) habere in aliquo loco
- I have no means, no livelihood: non habeo, qui (unde) vivam
- to converse, talk with a person on a subject: sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re (De Am. 1. 3)
- to be a married man: uxorem habere (Verr. 3. 33. 76)
- to separate from, divorce (of the man): aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (Phil. 2. 28. 69)
- to have commercial interests in Sicily: negotia habere (in Sicilia)
- to make a profit out of something: quaestui aliquid habere (Off. 2. 3. 13)
- I have money owing me: pecuniam in nominibus habeo
- to be in debt: aes alienum habere
- to have no constitution, be in anarchy: nullam habere rem publicam
- to fix the day for, to hold, to dismiss a meeting: concilium indicere, habere, dimittere
- to hold a meeting of the people: comitia habere
- to enjoy absolute immunity: immunitatem omnium rerum habere
- to enrich oneself at the expense of the state: rem publicam quaestui habere
- he has power over life and death: potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque (B. G. 1. 16. 5)
- to hold the census: censum habere, agere (Liv. 3. 22)
- to hold a sitting of the senate: senatum habere
- to examine a person, a matter: quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem
- to have a good case: causam optimam habere (Lig. 4. 10)
- to hold a levy: dilectum habere
- to be excused military duty: militiae vacationem habere
- veterans; experienced troops: qui magnum in castris usum habent
- to possess great experience in military matters: magnum usum in re militari habere (Sest. 5. 12)
- to hold a council of war: consilium habere, convocare
- to harangue the soldiers: contionem habere apud milites
- this I have to say: haec habeo dicere or habeo quae dicam
- the matter stands so (otherwise): res ita (aliter) se habet
- to have time for a thing: tempus habere alicui rei
- habeo in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016