typhoon

參見：Typhoon

英語

英語維基百科有一篇文章關於：

typhoon

詞源

有英語文獻在至晚16世紀50年代將typhon、tiphon記載為希臘語詞，意為「旋風」，^[1]^[2]指的是古希臘語 τυφῶν (tuphôn)、^[1]τυφώς (tuphṓs, 「旋風」)（後者自埃斯庫羅斯起可考）、^[3]Τυφῶν (Tuphôn, 「堤豐，風之父」)。（法語 typhon (「旋風」)自1504年起可考。^[4])）

然而，其作為英語詞首次用來指代「旋風」、「風暴」可追溯到1588年，作Touffon，特指「太平洋的大型風暴」。該詞義在16世紀中葉首次出現於歐洲，為葡萄牙語 tufão（至晚1560年起可考），由此進入英語。^[1]^[5]葡萄牙水手們多半從阿拉伯語 طُوفَان (ṭūfān)學來該詞（對比波斯語 (tufân)、印地語 तूफ़ान (tūfān)），^[1]^[6]^[7]且部分該詞的英語詞形（如tufan）似乎直接派生自該阿拉伯語詞。

有說法認為阿拉伯語詞源自漢語族大風／大风（官話 dàfēng、粵語 daai6 fung1 /taːi̯²² fʊŋ⁵⁵/、客家語 thai-fûng /tʰai̯⁵⁵ fuŋ²⁴/），^[8]一些諸如tyfoong, tyfung的英語詞形源自漢語或受到了其影響。然而，阿拉伯語詞可能是完全的純閃米特語族詞^[1]，源自原生詞幹ط و ف (ṭ-w-f)，指旋轉的風，^[9]或者可能其派生自希臘語。^[8]^[9]（部分文獻甚至認為其源自希臘語，經由阿拉伯語進入漢語，再回借回阿拉伯語，再回到歐洲。^[10]）該詞多年來受到了希臘語詞的影響。^[1]^[11]

發音

(標準英音) 國際音標^(幫助): /taɪˈfuːn/
(通用美式) 英語發音：tīfo͞onʹ、國際音標^(幫助): /taɪˈfun/
（美國）音頻： (檔案)
（澳洲）音頻： (檔案)
韻部：-uːn

名詞

typhoon (複數 typhoons)

颱風

其他形式

touffon (自16世紀80年代); tuffon和tufon (自17世紀20年代); typhon; tuffoon; tiffoon; tifoon, tyfoon
(阿拉伯語、波斯語或印地/烏爾都語由來) tufan, toofan, touffan
(漢語由來) tyfoong (ty-foong), tyfung (ty-fung)

衍生詞彙

派生語彙

→ 俄語: тайфу́н (tajfún)
- → 格魯吉亞語: ტაიფუნი (ṭaipuni)
- → 哈薩克語: тайфун (taifun)
→ 土耳其語: tayfun

動詞

typhoon (第三人稱單數簡單現在時 typhoons，現在分詞 typhooning，一般過去時及過去分詞 typhooned)

(不及物) 像颱風一樣旋轉

參見

參考資料

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Douglas Harper (2001–2024年)，「typhoon」，《線上詞源詞典》（Online Etymology Dictionary）
↑ Richard Eden, Decades of the New World (1555), translating De orbe novo decades by Peter Martyr, published in 1895 by Edward Arber in The First Three English Books on America, page 81: "These tempestes of the ayer (which the Grecians caule Tiphones, that is, whyrle wyndes) they caule, FuracanesTemplate:SIC: which they say, doo often tymes chaunce in this Ilande: […] "
↑ Liddell and Scott
↑ 查看「typhon」在 le Trésor de la langue française informatisé [法語數位化寶典] 中的釋義。 (for 1504 they cite J. Lemaire de Belges, Couronne margaritique ds Œuvres, éd. J. Stecher, p. 85: "ceux qui la portent [cette pierre précieuse, le corail], sont preservez de plusieurs perilz en mer et en terre: et mesmement dun vent fulmineux et subtil, nommé Typhon, qui esrache les arbres"; the spellings typhon, tiffon, tifon persist for the rest of the 1500s before tuffon appears in 1619 and tufan, tufaon in 1628)
↑ Thomas Hickock's translation of The voyage and trauell of M. Caesar Fredericke, Marchant of Venice, into the East India, and beyond the Indies: "concerning which Touffon ye are to vnderstand, that in the East Indies often times, there are not stormes as in other countreys; but euery 10. or 12. yeeres there are such tempests and stormes, that it is a thing incredible, but to those that haue seene it."
↑ Andrew Delahunty, From Bonbon to Cha-cha: Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases
↑ Tai Whan Kim, The Portuguese Element in Japanese: A Critical Survey (1976): "several points suggest that the Portuguese word came from the Arabic, not from Chinese tai-fung"
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 「typhoon」，Dictionary.com Unabridged，Dictionary.com, LLC，1995–present
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
↑ The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary by Garland Hampton Cannon and Alan S. Kaye considers typhoon "a special case, transmitted by Cantonese, from Arabic, but ultimately deriving from Greek. [...] The Chinese applied the [Greek] concept to a rather different wind [...]"
↑ Template:R:Corriente:2008

[Etymonline-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Douglas Harper (2001–2024年)，「typhoon」，《線上詞源詞典》（Online Etymology Dictionary）

[2] Richard Eden, Decades of the New World (1555), translating De orbe novo decades by Peter Martyr, published in 1895 by Edward Arber in The First Three English Books on America, page 81: "These tempestes of the ayer (which the Grecians caule Tiphones, that is, whyrle wyndes) they caule, FuracanesTemplate:SIC: which they say, doo often tymes chaunce in this Ilande: […] "

[3] Liddell and Scott

[TLFi-4] 查看「typhon」在 le Trésor de la langue française informatisé [法語數位化寶典] 中的釋義。 (for 1504 they cite J. Lemaire de Belges, Couronne margaritique ds Œuvres, éd. J. Stecher, p. 85: "ceux qui la portent [cette pierre précieuse, le corail], sont preservez de plusieurs perilz en mer et en terre: et mesmement dun vent fulmineux et subtil, nommé Typhon, qui esrache les arbres"; the spellings typhon, tiffon, tifon persist for the rest of the 1500s before tuffon appears in 1619 and tufan, tufaon in 1628)

[5] Thomas Hickock's translation of The voyage and trauell of M. Caesar Fredericke, Marchant of Venice, into the East India, and beyond the Indies: "concerning which Touffon ye are to vnderstand, that in the East Indies often times, there are not stormes as in other countreys; but euery 10. or 12. yeeres there are such tempests and stormes, that it is a thing incredible, but to those that haue seene it."

[6] Andrew Delahunty, From Bonbon to Cha-cha: Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases

[7] Tai Whan Kim, The Portuguese Element in Japanese: A Critical Survey (1976): "several points suggest that the Portuguese word came from the Arabic, not from Chinese tai-fung"

[Dict-8] 8.0 ^8.1 「typhoon」，Dictionary.com Unabridged，Dictionary.com, LLC，1995–present

[NED-9] 9.0 ^9.1 A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles

[Cannon-10] The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary by Garland Hampton Cannon and Alan S. Kaye considers typhoon "a special case, transmitted by Cantonese, from Arabic, but ultimately deriving from Greek. [...] The Chinese applied the [Greek] concept to a rather different wind [...]"

[Corriente-11] Template:R:Corriente:2008

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]