she

參見：附錄:"she"的變體

跨語言

詞源

英語 Sheko (“謝科語”) 的截斷形式。

符號

she

(國際標準) ISO 639-3 語言代碼，表示謝科語。

參見

維基詞典收錄的謝科語詞條

英语

英語維基百科有一篇條目關於：

she (disambiguation)

Wikipedia ^en

詞源

繼承自中古英語 sche、scho、hyo、ȝho (“她”)，這些詞也是約克郡方言 shoo (“她”)，低地蘇格蘭語 she、sho (“她”) 的來源。

可能源自古英語 hēo^[1]^[2] (與方言英語 hoo 同源)，重音發生不規則轉變，從 hēo 變成 heō /hjoː/，隨後從 /hj-/ 發展到 /ç/，再到 /ʃ-/^[3]^[4]，與古諾爾斯語 Hjaltland 到 Shetland (昔德蘭群島) 的演變類似。在這種情況下，she 源自原始西日耳曼語 *hiju，源自原始日耳曼語 *hijō 陰 (“這個、這一個”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱe-、*ḱey- (“這個、這裡”)，與薩特弗里斯蘭語 jo、ju，西弗里斯蘭語 hja，北弗里斯蘭語 jü，丹麥語 hun，瑞典語 hon 同源；詳見 he。

另一種可能是古英語 sēo (“那個」，偶爾又意為「她”)，但可能性較低^[2]^[3]^[4]。在這種情況下，sēo 的重音會從 sēo 轉變為 seō /sjoː/，再從 /sj-/ 轉變為 /ʃ-/，與 sure (確定) 到古法語 seur 的轉變類似^[4]^[5]。且與荷蘭語 zij 和德語 sie 同源。

兩種詞源說都無法解釋現代形式中的母音 /iː/ (預期的形式為 shoo，確實存在於方言中)。可能是受到 he (“他”) 的影響^[1]，但 hēo 與 sēo 存在變體形式 (hīe 與 sīe)，有可能演變成現代英語 /iː/^[4]^[6]。

發音

(英國) 國際音標^(幫助): /ʃiː/
(美國) 國際音標^(幫助): /ʃi/
音頻（美式）： (檔案)
音頻（英式）： (檔案)
韻部：-iː
同音詞：sidhe, Xi, shee

代词

she

她。
- She taught me how to swim. 她教我怎么游泳。

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Roger Lass (1992), “Phonology and Morphology”, in Norman Blake, editor, Cambridge History of the English Language, volume II, pages 118-119
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 “she, pron.¹, n., and adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2013.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 R. D. Fulk (2012), An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar and Texts, pages 64-65
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Cecily Clark, The Peterborough Chronicle, 1070-1154 (1970), page lxvi-lxvii: "Most favoured recently has been derivation from heo/hie, though a chain of development [hi] > [hj] > [ç] > [ʃ]. The decisive change [ç] > [ʃ] has been various explained, either as an example of a Norse sound-change found elsewhere only in a few place-names (the so-called "Shetland theory") or as substitution of a common initial phoneme for a rare one, linked with the need to maintain the distinction both from masculine he and from second-person plural ȝe. Geographical distribution ofh- and sch- forms during the Middle English period is said to support derivation from stress-shifted [hjè]. [... There] still seems, however, something to be said for the older theory put forward in NED: that scæ developed from sie, through [sjè]. Certainly the demonstrative seo was used as an emphatic pronoun, as, for instance, in Sermo in Festis S. Marie; and, although the variant nom. sing. sie is regularly used only in the Vespasian Psalter Gloss (once in Rushworth St. Matthew), such forms as sy ea in the E Preface (beside DF seo) and si [...] in the Northhamptonshire Geld-Roll suggest that it may have been current in Peterborough usage as well. This theory explains better than that of derivation from stress-shifted heo/hie the coexistence of sch- and h-forms in the same text, as in Sir Gawain (scho and ho) and William of Palerne (sche and he). Its weakness lies in failing to explain why the [ʃ], regular in the pronoun, never occurs in the demonstrative [...]"
↑ E. E. Wardale, An Introduction to Middle English (1937 [2016]), chapter VI (pp. 91-92 and notes), covers other proposed explanations, including that it is from a mixture of both hēo and sēo
↑ Template:R:ang:Dictionary of Old English

[CHEL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Roger Lass (1992), “Phonology and Morphology”, in Norman Blake, editor, Cambridge History of the English Language, volume II, pages 118-119

[OED-2] 2.0 ^2.1 “she, pron.¹, n., and adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2013.

[Fulk-3] 3.0 ^3.1 R. D. Fulk (2012), An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar and Texts, pages 64-65

[Clark-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Cecily Clark, The Peterborough Chronicle, 1070-1154 (1970), page lxvi-lxvii: "Most favoured recently has been derivation from heo/hie, though a chain of development [hi] > [hj] > [ç] > [ʃ]. The decisive change [ç] > [ʃ] has been various explained, either as an example of a Norse sound-change found elsewhere only in a few place-names (the so-called "Shetland theory") or as substitution of a common initial phoneme for a rare one, linked with the need to maintain the distinction both from masculine he and from second-person plural ȝe. Geographical distribution ofh- and sch- forms during the Middle English period is said to support derivation from stress-shifted [hjè]. [... There] still seems, however, something to be said for the older theory put forward in NED: that scæ developed from sie, through [sjè]. Certainly the demonstrative seo was used as an emphatic pronoun, as, for instance, in Sermo in Festis S. Marie; and, although the variant nom. sing. sie is regularly used only in the Vespasian Psalter Gloss (once in Rushworth St. Matthew), such forms as sy ea in the E Preface (beside DF seo) and si [...] in the Northhamptonshire Geld-Roll suggest that it may have been current in Peterborough usage as well. This theory explains better than that of derivation from stress-shifted heo/hie the coexistence of sch- and h-forms in the same text, as in Sir Gawain (scho and ho) and William of Palerne (sche and he). Its weakness lies in failing to explain why the [ʃ], regular in the pronoun, never occurs in the demonstrative [...]"

[Wardale-5] E. E. Wardale, An Introduction to Middle English (1937 [2016]), chapter VI (pp. 91-92 and notes), covers other proposed explanations, including that it is from a mixture of both hēo and sēo

[6] Template:R:ang:Dictionary of Old English

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