gruff
英语[编辑]
词源[编辑]
源自西佛兰德语、荷兰语 grof (“粗鲁的，粗糙的”)，源自中古荷兰语 grof (“粗糙的”)，源自古荷兰语 *grof，其形成及相关词不确定，但基本上能确定与萨特弗里斯兰语 groaf (“粗糙的”)、西弗里斯兰语 grof (“粗糙的”)、低地德语 groff (“粗糙的，粗鲁的”)、德语 grob (“粗糙的，粗鲁的”)、瑞典语 grov (“粗糙的，粗鲁的”)同源。
可能起源自原始西日耳曼语 *gahrob，源自原始日耳曼语 *gahrubaz、*hrubaz，与原始日耳曼语 *hreubaz (“粗糙的，硬皮的，结痂的”)有关；或可能源自原始西日耳曼语 *grob，源自原始日耳曼语 *grubaz (“粗糙的”)。
发音[编辑]
形容词[编辑]
gruff (比较级 gruffer，最高级 gruffest)
引文[编辑]
- 1727 "The manner of it was more after the pleasing Transports of those ancient Poets you are often charm'd with, than after the fierce unsociable way of modern Zealots; those starch'd gruff Gentlemen, who guard Religion as Bullys to a Mistress, and give us the while a very indifferent Opinion of their Lady's Merit, and their own Wit, by adoring what they neither allow to be inspected by others, nor care themselves to examine in a fair light." — Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury. Characteristicks of men, manners, opinions, times. Vol II. p218
- 1729 "They had no Titles of Honour among them, but such as denoted some Bodily Strength or Perfection, as such an one the Tall, such an one the Stocky, such an one the Gruff." — Joseph Addison, Richard Steele. The Spectator. Vol VI, No 433. p146
- 1825 "Mr. Suberville, as well as she, surprised and pleased at this proof of politeness so unsuited to his gouty appearance and gruff manners, looked at him in astonishment, but were sorry to perceive him stoop down as if he had strained his leg in the exertion, while the pain it caused seemed to have driven every drop of his blood into his sallow face." — Thomas Colley Grattan. High-ways and by-ways. Vol III. p209-10
衍生词[编辑]
动词[编辑]
gruff (第三人称单数简单现在时 gruffs，现在分词 gruffing，一般过去时及过去分词 gruffed)
- 说话粗鲁
- 2001, Benny Hinn, He Touched Me: An Autobiography
- “Who gave you that?” replied my father angrily. “Did you bribe someone?” “No,” I told him. “It was a gift, from some people who really want me to be on this trip.” “Fine,” he gruffed.
- 2001, Benny Hinn, He Touched Me: An Autobiography
瑞典语[编辑]
名词[编辑]
gruff n