stifle

維基詞典,自由的多語言詞典
參見:štifle

英語[編輯]

發音[編輯]

詞源 1[編輯]

動詞派生自晚期中古英語 stuflen (因炎熱而難以呼吸;淹水,因嗆水窒息) [以及其他形式][1]之後詞源不詳,可能源自stuffen (通過窒息殺死;因悶熱窒息;壓制,滅殺;剝奪植物的生長條件) + -el- (動詞的衍生性中綴,可能意指指小,程度增強或反覆性動作和事件)[2] stuffen派生自古法語 estoferestouffer (使...窒息,勒死;(比喻義)壓制,抑制) [以及其他形式](現代法語 étouffer),[3][4]變換自estoperestuper (阻塞;繃緊,使...變厚)(現代法語 étouper (填補)),受到了estofer (給...裝墊子)(現代法語 étoffer)的影響。estoper派生自通俗拉丁語 *stuppāre,源自拉丁語 stuppa (粗亞麻)(作為填塞材料,源自古希臘語 στύπη (stúpē)στύππη (stúppē)(對比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)),可能源自前希臘語 )+ -āre。據《牛津英語詞典》,其派生自古諾爾斯語 stífla (築壩;阻塞)的說法「在詞形和詞義方面難有說服力」。[4]

名詞派生自動詞。[5]

動詞[編輯]

stifle (第三人稱單數簡單現在時 stifles, 現在分詞 stifling, 一般過去時及過去分詞 stifled)

  1. (及物比喻義) 使...窒息;將...悶死
    近義詞: smothersuffocate
  2. (及物誇張) 使...呼吸困難
    The heat was stifling the children.
    炎熱孩子們呼吸困難
  3. (及物比喻義) 忍住
  4. (及物) 阻擋住...的聲音
  5. (及物比喻義)
    1. (及物) 壓制壓抑抑制鎮壓
      近義詞: hinderrestrainsmothersuppressthrottlerepress
      The army stifled the rebellion.
      軍隊鎮壓了叛亂。
      • 1723, Daniel Waterland, A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:
        I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.
        (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
      • Template:RQ:Maxwell Mirror and the Lamp
      • 2011 10月 29, Neil Johnston, 「Norwich 3-3 Blackburn」, 出自 BBC Sport:
        In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.
        (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
    2. (及物) 封鎖查禁隱匿隱瞞
  6. (及物農業(養蠶)) 用蒸汽熏 (蠶繭)
  7. (不及物) 窒息死亡
    Two firemen tragically stifled in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.
    兩名消防員在試圖將一位老太太從臥室中營救出來時因窒息壯烈犧牲。
  8. (不及物誇張) 呼吸困難
    The heat felt stifling.
    炎熱喘不過氣
其他形式[編輯]
衍生詞彙[編輯]
參見[編輯]

名詞[編輯]

stifle (複數 stifles)

  1. (罕用) (動詞詞義的名詞形式)窒息;呼吸困難;壓制抑制等

詞源 2[編輯]

The stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 27 in this drawing of a horse.[n 1]
A dog’s stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 12 in the above illustration.

名詞派生自中古英語 stifle (四足動物的股骨和脛骨之間的關節) [以及其他形式],之後詞源不詳,可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 estive ()古法語 estive ()(對比古法語 estival (靴,鞋))。[6]

動詞派生自名詞。[7]

名詞[編輯]

stifle (複數 stifles)

  1. (zootomy) (動物的)後腿關節
    近義詞: stifle joint
  2. (獸醫學) 後腿膝關節疾病
衍生詞彙[編輯]

動詞[編輯]

stifle (第三人稱單數簡單現在時 stifles, 現在分詞 stifling, 一般過去時及過去分詞 stifled)

  1. (及物) 使...的後腿膝關節挫傷脫臼等 (動物)
衍生詞彙[編輯]

注釋[編輯]

  1. 源自C[harles] J[ames] Korinek; A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek (1915), 「Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment」, Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment, Portland, Or.: Korinek Remedy Company, OCLC 17424821, 頁10

參考資料[編輯]

  1. stuflen, v.」 in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  2. -el-, suf.(3)」 in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  3. stuffen, v.(2)」 in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  4. 4.0 4.1 stifle, v.1」, OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020; 「stifle1, v.」, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
  5. stifle, n.2」, OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020
  6. stifle, n.(1)」 in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.; compare 「stifle, n.1」, OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020: 「Of obscure origin」; 「stifle1, n.」, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
  7. stifle, v.2」, OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2021

延伸閱讀[編輯]

異序詞[編輯]