维基词典:汉语发音表记

维基词典,自由的多语言词典

现代标准汉语[编辑]

以下为根据汉语拼音而来的发音表记。详细请参考w:现代标准汉语#语音系统

声母[编辑]

发音方法发音部位 双唇音 唇齿音 齿龈音 卷舌音 龈颚音 软颚音
塞音
清音
不送气 ‹b› 
 玻
‹d› 
 得
‹g› 
 哥
送气 ‹p› 
 坡
‹t› 
 特
‹k› 
 科
塞擦音
清音
不送气 ‹z› 
 资
‹zh› 
 知
‹j› 
 基
送气 ‹c› 
 雌
‹ch› 
 蚩
‹q› 
 欺
擦音清音 ‹f› 
 佛
‹s› 
 思
‹sh› 
 诗
‹x› 
 希
‹h› 
 喝
鼻音浊音 ‹m› 
 摸
‹n› 
 讷
边音浊音 ‹l› 
 勒
通音浊音 ‹r› 
 日

韵母[编辑]

开口呼 齐齿呼 合口呼 撮口呼
单元音韵母 ‹-i› 
 之、资的韵母
‹i› 
 衣
‹u› 
 乌
‹ü› 
 迂
‹a› 
 啊
‹ia› 
丨ㄚ 呀
‹ua› 
ㄨㄚ 蛙
‹o› 
 喔
‹uo› 
ㄨㄛ 窝
‹e› 
 鹅
‹ê› 
 欸
‹ie› 
丨ㄝ 耶
‹üe› 
ㄩㄝ 约
‹er› 
 儿
复元音韵母 ‹ai› 
 哀
‹uai› 
ㄨㄞ 歪
‹ei› 
 欸
‹u(e)i› 
ㄨㄟ 威
‹ao› 
 熬
‹iao› 
丨ㄠ 腰
‹ou› 
 欧
‹iou› 
丨ㄡ 优
带鼻音韵母 ‹an› 
 安
‹ian› 
丨ㄢ 烟
‹uan› 
ㄨㄢ 弯
‹üan› 
ㄩㄢ 冤
‹en› 
 恩
‹in› 
丨ㄣ 因
‹u(e)n› 
ㄨㄣ 温
‹ün› 
ㄩㄣ 晕
‹ang› 
 昂
‹iang› 
丨ㄤ 央
‹uang› 
ㄨㄤ 汪
‹eng› 
 亨的韵母
‹ing› 
丨ㄥ 英
‹ueng/ong› 
ㄨㄥ 翁
同‹iong›
‹ong› 
ㄨㄥ 轰的韵母
‹iong› 
ㄩㄥ 庸

粤语[编辑]

广州话拼音对照表[编辑]

声母[编辑]

  IPA 宽式IPA 黄锡凌 广州 教院 粤拼 耶鲁 刘锡祥 Meyer-Wempe 越语式
[p] [b] b b b b b b p b
[pʰ] [p] p p p p p p p' p
[m] [m] m m m m m m m m
[f] [f] f f f f f f f f
[t] [d] d d d d d d t t
[tʰ] [t] t t t t t t t' th
[n] [n] n n n n n n n n
[l] [l] l l l l l l l l
[k] [g] g g g g g g k k
[kʰ] [k] k k k k k k k' kh
[ŋ] [ŋ] ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng
[h] [h] h h h h h h h h
[t͡s] [d͡z] dz z dz z j j ts ch
[t͡ɕ] [d͡z] dz j dz z j j ch ch
[t͡sʰ] [t͡s] ts c ts c ch ch ts' ts
[t͡ɕʰ] [t͡s] ts q ts c ch ch ch' ts
[s] [s] s s s s s s s s
[ɕ] [s] s x s s s s sh s
[kʷ] [gw] gw gu gw gw gw gw kw gw
[kʷʰ] [kw] kw ku kw kw kw kw k'w kw
[j] [j] y y j j y y y/i d
[w] [w] w w w w w w w/oo w

韵母[编辑]

  IPA 宽式IPA 黄锡凌 广州 教院 粤拼 耶鲁 刘锡祥 Meyer-Wempe 越语式
[ɑː] [a] aa a aa aa a a a a
[ɑːi] [ai] aai ai aai aai aai aai aai ai
[ɑːu] [au] aau ao aau aau aau aau aau ao
(监) [ɑːm] [am] aam am aam aam aam aam aam am
[ɑːn] [an] aan an aan aan aan aan aan an
[ɑːŋ] [aŋ] aang ang aang aang aang aang aang ang
[ɑːp] [ap] aap ab aap aap aap aap aap ap
[ɑːt] [at] aat ad aat aat aat aat aat at
(客) [ɑːk] [ak] aak ag aak aak aak aak aak ac
[ɐi] [ɐi] ai ei ai ai ai ai ai ây
[ɐu] [ɐu] au eo au au au au au âu
[ɐm] [ɐm] am em am am am am am/om âm
(恩) [ɐn] [ɐn] an en an an an an an anh
[ɐŋ] [ɐŋ] ang eng ang ang ang ang ang ǎng
(急) [ɐp] [ɐp] ap eb ap ap ap ap ap/op ǎp
(不) [ɐt] [ɐt] at ed at at at at at ach
(德) [ɐk] [ɐk] ak eg ak ak ak ak ak ǎc
[ɛː] [ɛ] e é e e e e e e
(非) [ei] [ei] ei éi ei ei ei ei ei i
(掉)* [ɛːu]       eu eu        
(舔)* [ɛːm]       em em        
(镜) [ɛːŋ] [ɛŋ] eng éng eng eng eng eng eng eng
(夹)* [ɛːp]       ep ep        
(尺) [ɛːk] [ɛk] ek ég ek ek ek ek ek ec
[iː] [i] i i i i i i i ia
[iːu] [iu] iu iu iu iu iu iu iu iu
[iːm] [im] im im im im im im im im
[iːn] [in] in in in in in in in in
[ɪŋ] [iŋ] ing ing ing ing ing ing ing ing
[iːp] [ip] ip ib ip ip ip ip ip ip
[iːt] [it] it id it it it it it it
[ɪk] [ik] ik ig ik ik ik ik ik ic
[ɔː] [ɔ] o o o o o oh oh o
[ɔːi] [ɔi] oi oi oi oi oi oi oi oi
[ou] [ou] ou ou ou ou ou o o u
[ɔːn] [ɔn] on on on on on on on on
(康) [ɔːŋ] [ɔŋ] ong ong ong ong ong ong ong oong
(渴) [ɔːt] [ɔt] ot od ot ot ot ot ot ot
[ɔːk] [ɔk] ok og ok ok ok ok ok oot
[uː] [u] u u u u u oo oo ua
[uːi] [ui] ui ui ui ui ui ooi ooi ui
[uːn] [un] un un un un un oon oon un
[ʊŋ] [uŋ] ung ung ung ung ung ung ung ung
[uːt] [ut] ut ud ut ut ut oot oot ut
[ʊk] [uk] uk ug uk uk uk uk uk uc
[œː] [œ] eu ê oe oe eu euh oeh uêa
(香) [œːŋ] [œŋ] eung êng oeng oeng eung eung eung uơng
(约) [œːk] [œk] euk êg oek oek euk euk euk uơc
(去) [ɵy] [œy] eue êu oey eoi eui ui ui uâi
(春) [ɵn] [œn] eun ên oen eon un un un uânh
(律) [ɵt] [œt] eut êd oet eot ut ut ut uâch
[yː] [y] ue ü y yu yu ue ue uya
[yːn] [yn] uen ün yn yun yun uen uen uyn
[yːt] [yt] uet üd yt yut yut uet uet uyt
[m̩] [m̩] m m m m m m m uhm
[ŋ̩] [ŋ̩] ng ng ng ng ng ng ng uhm
  • *:口语变异
  • 黄锡凌罗马拼音 euue 省略成 eue, 广州话拼音方案 êü 省略成 êu
  • 在广州话拼音方案,声母 j, q, x 是用来拼写 i, ü 韵之用,另外 ü 行的韵母用来拼 j, q, x 时,省略两点

声调[编辑]

下表的平、上、去声以 “a” 音为例,入声以 “at” 音为例。

  IPA 宽式IPA 黄锡凌 广州 教院 粤拼 耶鲁 刘锡祥 Meyer-Wempe 越语式
阴平,53 ˥˧ ˈa ˈa 1 1 1 à 1 a á
高平,55 ˥˥ ˈa ˈa 1 1 1 ā 10 a  
阴上,35 ˧˥ ˊa ˊa 2 2 2 á 2 á ã
阴去,33 ˧˧ ˉa ˉa 3 3 3 a 3 à a
阳平,21或11 ˨˩ 或 ˩˩ ˌa ˌa 4 4 4 àh 4 ā à
阳上,13或23 ˩˧ 或 ˨˧ ˏa ˏa 5 5 5 áh 5 ǎ
阳去,22 ˨˨ ˍa ˍa 6 6 6 ah 6 â à
阴入,5 ˥ ˈat ˈat 1 7或1 1 āt 1 at á
中入,3 ˧ ˉat ˉat 3 8或3 3 at 3 àt a
阳入,2 ˨ ˍat ˍat 6 9或6 6 aht 6 ât à

台山话拼音对照表[编辑]

声母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典 Stephen Li Gene Chin 国防语言学院
/t͡sʰ/ c ts ch ch’
/p/ b b b p
/t/ d d d t
/k/ g g g k
/f/ f f f f
/h/ h h h h
/kʰ/ k k k k’
/ᵐb/ m m m m
/l/ l l l l
/ⁿd/ n n n n
/pʰ/ p p p p’
/ᵑg/ ng ŋ ng ng
/tʰ/ t t t t’
/v/ v v v w
/ʒ/ y y y y
/t͡s/ z dz j ch
/ɬ/ lh ɬ x lh
/s/ s s s s

韵母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典 Stephen Li Gene Chin 国防语言学院
/iu/ iu iu iu iu
/ak̚/ ak ak ak aak
/am/ am am am aam
/iak̚/ iak iak ek iak
/eu/ eu ǝu eo aau
/i/ i i i i
/iau/ iau iau el iau
/un/ un un un oon
/ᵘɔ/ o ɔ o o
/ɔk̚/ ok ɔk ok ok
/iaŋ/ iang iaŋ eng iang
/ᵘɔi/ oi ɔi oi oi
/iap̚/ iap iap ep iep
/iɛ/ ie ia eh e
/ɵŋ/ uung ǝŋ ung ung
/au/ au ɔu ao aau
/im/ im im im im
/ɔŋ/ ong ɔŋ ong ong
/em/ em ǝm eim ?
/an/ an an an aan
/ep̚/ ep ǝp eip ? 𢱕
/et̚/ et ɛt eik ?
/ip̚/ ip ip ip ip
/ᵘɔt̚/ ot ɔt ot ot
/aŋ/ ang ang aang
/m̩/ m m m m
/ɵt̚/ uut ut ut ?
/ut̚/ ut ut ut oot
/ɵk̚/ uuk ǝk uk uk
/in/ in in in in
/ei/ ei i i i
/ᵘɔn/ on ɔn on on
/ui/ ui ui ui ooi
/at̚/ at at at aat
/u/ u u u oo
/iam/ iam iam em iem
/it̚/ it it it it
/en/ en ein ein ien
/a/ a a a a
/ai/ ai ai ai aai
/ap̚/ ap ap ap aap

声调[编辑]

调值 维基词典 Gene Chin 国防语言学院
33 1 ä à
55 2 ā a
22 3 ã ā
21 4 â ạ̄
32 5 à â
变调[编辑]
调值 维基词典 Gene Chin 国防语言学院
335 1* ä/ à*
225 3* ã/ ā*
215 4* â/ ạ̄*
325 5* à/ â* 台山

闽南语[编辑]

闽南语白话字[编辑]

声母[编辑]

  塞音塞擦音 鼻音 擦音 边音
清音 浊音
不送气 送气
唇音 p
ph
b
m
舌音 t
th
n
l
齿音 ch
chh
j
s
牙音 k
kh
g
ng
喉音 h
  1. “唇舌齿牙喉”依传统五音,与现代语言学的发音部位分法不尽相同。
  2. 汉字为传统十五音,但“毛、耐、雅”十五音里没有;另十五音有零声母“英”,白话字不标。

元音[编辑]

  前元音 央元音 后元音
高元音 i u
中元音 e o
低元音 a
  1. 有些腔调的o是发成半闭后圆唇元音 、半闭后不圆唇元音

声调[编辑]

(以a为标注范例)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
阴平 阴上 阴去 阴入 阳平 阳上 阳去 阳入
a á à a+入声韵尾 â ā ā +入声韵尾
备注[编辑]
  • 七声调区,第6声(阳上)并入第7声(阳去),是为声韵学上“浊上变去”。
  • 第4、8声为入声。
  • 入声韵尾:有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四种。 喉塞音韵尾 -h 仅会出现于白读

闽南语台罗音标[编辑]

客家话[编辑]

客家话拼音方案[编辑]

字母[编辑]

拼音采用拉丁字母,其中r、w不用来拼写梅县客家话。ê 是字母 e 的变体,用以代表

声母[编辑]

声母总数为19个。不以辅音为首的音节,称为零声母。列表如下:

b p m f v
d t n l  
g k ng h  
j q x 西    
z c s    

资 zi1、雌 ci1、思 si1 等字的韵母用 i

韵母[编辑]

韵母总数为74个。列表如下:

i i u
a ia ua
o io uo
ê (撒)
ai iai uai
oi    
au iau  
êu    
  iu  
  iui ui
am iam  
êm    
em im
an ian uan
on ion uon
ên iên uên
en in
  iun un
ang iang uang
ong iong uong
  iung ung
ab iab  
êb    
eb ib  
ad iad uad
od    
êd iêd uêd
ed id  
  iud ud
ag iag uag
og iog uog
  iug ug
m n  

i 行的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,写成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。

声调[编辑]

调类 阴平 阳平 上声 去声 阴入 阳入
调号 1 2 3 4 5 6
调值 44 11 31 52 11 55
  fu1 fu2 fu3 fu4 fug5 fug6
例字

外部链接[编辑]

晋语[编辑]

声母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典
/p/ b
/pʰx/ p
/m/ m
/f/ f
/v/ v
/t/ d
/tʰx/ t
/n/ n
/l/ l
/t͡s/ z
/t͡sʰ/ c
/s/ s
/ʐ/ r
/t͡ɕ/ j
/t͡ɕʰ/ q
/ɕ/ x
/k/ g
/kʰx/ k
/x/ h
/ɣ/ gh 旧式; = 新式 /ŋ/
/ŋ/ ng 新式; = 旧式 /ɣ/

韵母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典
/z̩/ i 只在 /t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/
/i/ i
/u/ u
/y/ y
/əɻ/ er
/a/ a
/ia/ ia
/ua/ ua
/ɤ/ e
/uɤ/ ue
/ie/ ie
/ye/ ye
/ai/ ai
/uai/ uai 怀
/ei/ ei
/uei/ ui
/au/ au
/iau/ iau
/əu/ eu
/iəu/ ieu
/æ̃/ an
/uæ̃/ uan
/ɒ̃/ on 旧式; = 新式 /aŋ/
/iɒ̃/ ion 旧式; = 新式 /iaŋ/
/uɒ̃/ uon 旧式; = 新式 /uaŋ/
/aŋ/ ang 新式; = 旧式 /ɒ̃/
/iaŋ/ iang 新式; = 旧式 /iɒ̃/
/uaŋ/ uang 新式; = 旧式 /uɒ̃/
/ə̃ŋ/ eng
/ĩŋ/ ing
/ũŋ/ ung
/ỹŋ/ yng
/aʔ/ ah 在新式中多并入 /əʔ/
/iaʔ/ iah
/uaʔ/ uah 在新式中多并入 /uəʔ/
/əʔ/ eh
/iəʔ/ ieh
/uəʔ/ ueh
/yəʔ/ yeh

儿化[编辑]

在原有韵尾后加上“r”来表示儿化。对于韵尾-e (/ɤ/),要在“r”前加上一个撇,即-e'r (/ɤɻ/),以区别于-er (/əɻ/)。

声调[编辑]

声调名 声调值 维基词典
平声 11 1
上声 53 2
去声 45 3
阴入 2 4
阳入 54 5 在新式中并入阴入
轻声

湘语[编辑]

声母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典
/p/ b
/pʰ/ p
/m/ m
/ɸ/ f
/t/ d
/tʰ/ t
/l̃/ l
/t͡s/ z 在新式中当在/i/前时改用/t͡ɕ/
/t͡sʰ/ c 在新式中当在/i/前时改用/t͡ɕʰ/
/s/ s 在新式中当在/i/前时改用/ɕ/
/t͡ʂ/ zh 在新式中并入/t͡s/
/t͡ʂʰ/ ch 在新式中并入/t͡sʰ/
/ʂ/ sh 在新式中并入/s/
/ʐ/ r
/t͡ɕ/ j
/t͡ɕʰ/ q
/n̠ʲ/ ny
/ɕ/ x
/k/ g
/kʰ/ k
/ŋ/ ng
/x/ h

韵母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典
/z̩/ r 只在/t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/
/ʐ̩/ r 只在/t͡ʂ/, /t͡ʂʰ/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/
/i/ i
/u/ u
/y/ y
/a̠/ a
/ia̠/ ia
/ua̠/ ua
/ya̠/ ya
/o/ o
/io/ io
/ɤ̞/ e
/ie̞/ ie
/uɤ̞/ ue
/ye̞/ ye
/ai/ ai
/uai/ uai
/yai/ yai
/e̞i/ ei
/ue̞i/ uei
/ye̞i/ yei
/ɒu/ au
/iɒu/ iau
/əu/ ou
/iəu/ iou
/õ/ onn
/ə̃/ enn
/iẽ/ ienn
/yẽ/ yenn
/ən/ en
/in/ in
/uən/ un
/yn/ yn
/an/ an
/iæn/ ian
/uan/ uan
/yæn/ yan
/ʊŋ/ ong 在新式中并入/ən/
/iʊŋ/ iong 在新式中并入/in/
/m̩/ m
/n̩/ n

声调[编辑]

声调名 声调值 维基词典
阴平 33 1
阳平 13 2
上声 41 3 使
阴去 45 4
阳去 21 5
入声 24 6
轻声 (无符号)

变调[编辑]

  • (快速说话时)

赣语[编辑]

声母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典
/p/ b
/pʰ/ p
/m/ m
/f/ f
/t/ d
/tʰ/ t
/l/ l
/t͡s/ z
/t͡sʰ/ c
/s/ s
/t͡ɕ/ j 只在高位前元音前
/t͡ɕʰ/ q 只在高位前元音前
/n̠ʲ/ ny 只在高位前元音前
/ɕ/ x 只在高位前元音前
/k/ g
/kʰ/ k
/ŋ/ ng
/h/ h

韵母[编辑]

IPA 维基词典
/z̩/ i 只在/t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/
/i/ i
/u/ u
/y/ y
/a/ a
/ia/ ia
/ua/ ua
/o/ o
/uo/ uo
/e/ e
/ie/ ie
/ue/ ue -
/ye/ ye
/ɵ/ eo
/m̩/ m 零声母
/n̩/ n 零声母
/ŋ̍/ ng 零声母
/ai/ ai
/uai/ uai
/oi/ oi - 只用作感叹词
/ei/ ei - 只用于缩约形式
/ɨi/ i 只在/f/
/ui/ ui
/au/ au
/ɛu/ eu
/iɛu/ ieu
/ɨu/ iu 只在/t͡s/, /t͡sʰ/, /s/
/iu/ iu
/an/ an
/uan/ uan
/ɵn/ on
/uɵn/ uon
/yɵn/ yon
/ɛn/ en
/iɛn/ ien
/ɨn/ iin
/in/ in
/un/ un
/yn/ yn
/aŋ/ ang
/iaŋ/ iang
/uaŋ/ uang
/ɔŋ/ ong
/iɔŋ/ iong
/uɔŋ/ uong
/uŋ/ ung
/iuŋ/ iung
/at̚/ at
/uat̚/ uat
/ɵt̚/ ot
/uɵt̚/ uot
/yɵt̚/ yot
/ɛt̚/ et
/iɛt̚/ iet
/uɛt̚/ uet
/ɨt̚/ iit
/it̚/ it
/ut̚/ ut
/yt̚/ yt
/aʔ/ ah
/iaʔ/ iah
/uaʔ/ uah -
/ɔʔ/ oh
/iɔʔ/ ioh
/uɔʔ/ uoh
/uʔ/ uh
/iuʔ/ iuh

声调[编辑]

声调名 声调值 维基词典
阴平 42 1
阳平(A) 24 2 只与送气声母搭配
上声 213 3
阳平(B) 35 4 只与不送气声母搭配
去声 11 5
阴入 5 6
阳入 2 7
轻声 (无符号)

变调[编辑]

重音[编辑]

在音节前加一个撇号(')来表示重音。

今日 'jin1 nyit6
水果 sui3 'guo3

吴语[编辑]

声母与韵母[编辑]

维基词典
罗马化
清浊 钱乃荣
罗马化
吴音小字典 IPA 例字
p b p /p/
ph p ph /pʰ/
b bh b /b̻/
m m m /m/
'm 'm /ʔm/
f f f /f/
v fh v /v̻/
vh /v̥/
t d t /t/
th t th /tʰ/
d dh d /d̻/
n n n /n/
'n 'n /ʔn/ (文)(文)
l l l /l/
'l 'l /ʔl/
ts z ts /t͡s/
tsh c tsh /t͡sʰ/
dz dz /d͡z/
s s s /s/
z sh z /z̻/
j j c(i)
ts(i)
/t͡ɕ/
q q ch(i)
tsh(i)
/t͡ɕʰ/
jj jh j(i) /d̥͡ʑ/
ny ny ny /n̠ʲ/
'ny 'ny /ʔn̠ʲ/
x x s(i)
sh(i)
/ɕ/
xx xh z(i)
zh(i)
/ʑ̻/
k g k /k/
kh k kh /kʰ/
g gh g /ɡ̊/
ng ng ng /ŋ/
'ng 'ng /ʔŋ/
h h h /h/
hh - /ʔ/
hh wh gh
y/w[note 1]
/ɦ/
  1. Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.
维基词典
罗马化
钱乃荣
罗马化
吴音小字典 IPA 例字
a a a /a̠/
o o o /o̝/
au ao au /ɔ/
eu eu /ɜ/
e e e, ai, ae /e̞/
oe oe oe /ø/
i i, yi i, ie, y, ye /i/
ia ia, ya ia, ya /i̯a̠/
iau iao, yao iau, yau /i̯ɔ/
ieu ieu, yeu /i̯ɜ/
u u u /ʋʷ/
ua ua ua, wa /u̯a̠/
ue ue ue, we /u̯e̞/
uoe uoe, woe /u̯ø/
y yu iu, yu /y/
yoe ioe, yoe /ɥø/
an ang an /ã/
aan ang aon /ɑ̃/
en en en /ə̆ŋ/
on ong on /ʊ̆ŋ/
aq ak ah /ă̠ʔ/
oq ok oh /ŏʔ/
eq ek eh /ə̆ʔ/
ian ian, yan /i̯ã/
iaan iaon, yaon /i̯ɑ̃/ (白)
in in in, yin /ɪ̆ɲ/ (白)
ion ion, yon /i̯ʊ̆ŋ/
iaq iah, yah /i̯ă̠ʔ/
ioq ioh, yoh /i̯ŏʔ/
iq ik ih, yih /i̯ɪ̆ʔ/
uan uan, wan /u̯ã/ ~火
uaan uaon, waon /u̯ɑ̃/
un uen, wun /u̯ə̆ŋ/
uaq uah, wah /u̯ă̠ʔ/
ueq ueh, weh /u̯ə̆ʔ/
yn iuin, yuin /ʏ̆ɲ/
yq uih, yuih /ɥɪ̆ʔ/
er er r /əɻ/ (文)
r y y /z̩/
mm m /m̩/ (白)(白)~没
ngg n ng /ŋ̍/ (白)端~

声调[编辑]

Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts—a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule.

For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables.

There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style (中派與新派) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style (老派) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones—level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless—dark, voiced—light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total.

Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop.

Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see Suzhou dialect § Tones on Wikipedia.

调号 调名 清浊 调值 例字 对应中古汉语声调
1 陰平 (yīnpíng) ˥˧ 53 漿 阴平
2 陰去 ˧˦ 34 阴上、阴去
3 陽去 ˨˧ 23 阳平、阳上、阳去
4 陰入 ˥ʔ 55 阴入
5 陽入 ˩˨ʔ 12 阳入

Left-prominent tone sandhi (word sandhi)[编辑]

Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word.

Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns
Tonal category Monosyllabics Disyllabics Trisyllabics Tetrasyllabics Pentasyllabics
1. Dark level type 53 55+21 55+33+21 55+33+33+21 55+33+33+33+21
2. Dark departing type 34 33+44 33+55+21 33+55+33+21 33+55+33+33+21
3. Light departing type 23 22+44 22+55+21 22+55+33+21 22+55+33+33+21
4. Dark checked type 55 33+44 33+55+21 33+55+33+21 33+55+33+33+21
5. Light checked type 12 11+23 11+22+23 11+22+22+23
22+55+33+21
22+55+33+33+21

For Wu romanisations in the template {{zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces).

Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)[编辑]

When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A.

Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. word A) Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. syllable A-x) Example
Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 Tone 5
Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it 44 33 44 22 儂好 (3non+2hau)
炒魷魚 (2tshau+3hhieu hhngg)
Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it 硬碰硬 (3ngan+-phan+3ngan)
Multisyllabic word 33 33 嘸著嘸落呒着呒落 (3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq)
Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it 前世作孽 (3xxi sr+4tsoq+5nyiq)

Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable.

Conversion from MiniDict tone notation[编辑]

  • (level), (rising), (departing), and (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers.
MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion
MiniDict Voicing of initial Tone category
voiced 3
voiceless 1
voiced 3
voiceless 2
voiced 3
voiceless 2
voiced 5
voiceless 4

Other notations[编辑]

The notation + is explained above in the #Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi) section. Additionally, the symbol & can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page 日腳, the transcription for 今朝是啥日腳? in Wu is 1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq.

Examples[编辑]

Resources[编辑]

  • For checking the pronunciation of words: Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese (《上海话大词典》) - uses IPA notations throughout the book
  • For checking the pronunciation of characters: Wu Chinese MiniDict
    Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. Their romanisation scheme aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively.
    Correspondences with WT romanisation:
    Initials (MiniDict = WT): c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh
    Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. yih = hhiq and waon = hhuaan
    Finals (MiniDict = WT): ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm
    Tones: (level), (rising), (departing), (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark.