whilst
英語
[编辑]詞源
[编辑]源自晚期中古英語 whilst、whilest、qwhilste (英格蘭北部)、quilest (西北米德蘭) [以及其他形式],源自 whiles (“當……的時候,在……的期間;只要;因为,自从;直到”)[1] + -t (贅餘後綴,可能是 -(e)s 和後面接上的 the 連起來所致,或受到最高級後綴 -est 的影響)。[2]Whiles 派生自 whiles (“一段時間,一會兒”)(可能來自 otherwhiles 和 somewhiles 等副詞及連詞的後半部分),源自 while (“一段時間,一會兒”)[3] + -s (構成方式、空間、時間副詞的後綴)[4];while 則繼承自古英語 hwīl (“一段時間,一會兒”),最終繼承自原始日耳曼語 *hwīlō (“一段时间,一会儿;休息、中断、暂停的时间”),繼承自原始印歐語 *kʷyeh₁- (“休息;平靜,寧靜”)。本詞可分析為 whiles + -t (加在以 -s 結尾詞後的贅餘後綴)。[5]
發音
[编辑]- (標準英音,通用美式) 國際音標(幫助): /waɪlst/
- (無 wine–whine 合併) 國際音標(幫助): /ʍaɪlst/
音頻 (標準英音): (檔案) - 韻部:-aɪlst
- (主要用於美國,英國,有時不推薦使用) 國際音標(幫助): /wɪlst/
副詞
[编辑]whilst (無比較級)
- (古舊或棄用不含方言) 在這期間;與此同時
- c. 1601–1602 (写稿日期),威廉·莎士比亚,“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio(第一对开本)),伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii],頁 270,列 2:
- Nay, I prethee put on this gown, & this beard, make him beleeue thou art ſir Topas the Curate, doe it quickly. Ile call ſir Toby the whilſt.
- 哦,我请你把这件袍子穿上,这把胡须套上,让他相信你是副牧师托巴斯师傅。快些,我就去叫托比老爷来。
- Template:RQ:Beaumont Fletcher Cupids Revenge
- 1820,沃尔特·司各特,章號 X, in 艾凡赫,卷 I, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.;伦敦:Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC,頁 209:
- What money have I bought with me? […] even but a small sum; something in hand the whilst.
- 我带来多少钱?不多不多,就是手头这一点。
连词
[编辑]whilst
- (英國,愛爾蘭,英聯邦,在北美洲書面或罕用) while之同義詞
- 近義詞:參見Thesaurus:while
- 在……的期間
- 近義詞:(古舊或方言) whiles
- Drivers must switch off engines whilst on stand. ― 司机在停靠期间必须关闭发动机。——公交车站牌上的指示
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare King John
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare Merry Wives
- Template:RQ:Fletcher Shirley Night-Walker
- Template:RQ:Defoe Reformation
- Template:RQ:Austen Pride and Prejudice
- 1942 July-August,Philip Spencer,“On the Footplate in Egypt”, in Railway Magazine,頁 208:
- The locomotive [...] was quietly "blowing off" on one Ross "pop" valve, whilst the rhythmic clanging of the fireman's shovel, the black smoke pouring from her chimney, and the harsh sound of the blower told of the proximity of departure time.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 在……之前或之內
- 雖然,然而
- c. 1594,William Shakespeare,“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio),London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i],頁 88,列 1:
- His company must do his minions grace, / Whil'ſt I at home ſtarue for a merrie looke: / Hath homelie age th'alluring beauty tooke / From my poore cheeke?
- 他一定去跟相好的贱妇寻欢作乐,此时我却在家里热盼一副开心面容。难道居家的岁月已从我面颊上夺走诱人的美貌?
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare Sonnets
- Template:RQ:Fuller Church History
- 1847 January – 1848 July,William Makepeace Thackeray,“Brussels”, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero,London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC,頁 253:
- Whilst her appearance was an utter failure (as her husband felt with a sort of rage), Mrs. Rawdon Crawley's début was, on the contrary, very brilliant.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 此外,另外
- 1939 September,D. S. Barrie,“The Railways of South Wales”, in The Railway Magazine,London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC,頁 161:
- Modern engine sheds of advanced design have also been built at Radyr, Abercynon, and elsewhere, whilst other depots have been remodelled and re-equipped.
- 拉迪尔、阿伯西农和其他地方也建造了设计先进的现代化机车库,同时其他车库也进行了改造和重新装备。
- 1963,Margery Allingham,“The Boy in the Corner”, in The China Governess: A Mystery,London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC,頁 214:
- The face which emerged was not reassuring. It was blunt and grey, the nose springing thick and flat from high on the frontal bone of the forehead, whilst his eyes were narrow slits of dark in a tight bandage of tissue.
- 露出的脸让人很不舒服。面色灰白而呆滞,前额骨上方的鼻子又厚又扁,眼睛像被绷带紧紧包裹着的狭长黑眼圈。
- 只要
使用說明
[编辑]美國英語常認為 whilst 過於矯飾、帶詩歌氣息,或者是古舊用法。The Penguin Working Words (1993)[6] 只推薦使用 while,將 whilst 注為過時用詞。The Cambridge Guide to English Usage (2004)[7] 和 Webster’s Guide to English Usage (2004)[8] 則提及本詞的地域性,注釋稱在美國罕用。放眼國際,則本詞通達性要更強些。The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style (2005),[9] 則稱,“雖然用 whilst 看上去多少有些矯飾,但有時用著也可以给文章增添一种文学化或讽刺意味而正式的語調(while using whilst runs the risk of sounding pretentious, it can sometimes add a literary or ironically formal note to a piece of writing)”。
其他形式
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]- ↑ “whīles, conj.”在《MED Online》上的資料,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007。
- ↑ “-t, suf.”在《MED Online》上的資料,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007。
- ↑ “whīle, n.”在《MED Online》上的資料,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007。
- ↑ “-(e)s, suf.(1)”在《MED Online》上的資料,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007。
- ↑ “whilst, adv. and conj. (and prep.)”,OED Online
,Oxford, Oxfordshire:Oxford University Press,December 2021年; “whilst, conj. and relative adv.”,Lexico,Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press,2019–present年.
- ↑ Barrie Hughes (1993年) The Penguin Working Words: An Australian Guide to Modern English Usage,Ringwood, Vic.:Penguin,ISBN 978-0-14-051351-6.
- ↑ Pam Peters (2004年) The Cambridge Guide to English Usage,Cambridge, Cambridgeshire; New York, N.Y.:Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-511-19354-5.
- ↑ Webster’s Guide to English Usage,New York, N.Y.:Barnes & Noble Books,2004年,ISBN 978-0-7607-5541-9.
- ↑ The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style,Boston, Mass.:Houghton Mifflin Co.,2005年,ISBN 978-0-618-60499-9
延伸閱讀
[编辑]
while在英語維基百科上的資料。維基百科 en- “whilst”,Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary,Springfield, Mass.:G. & C. Merriam,1913年,OCLC 800618302
- Douglas Harper (2001–2025年),“whilst”,《在线词源词典》(Online Etymology Dictionary)