firmament
英語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (「天空」),[1]源自古法語 firmament (「天空」),或源自其詞源拉丁語 firmāmentum (「支撐;天空」),源自firmāre (「增強,強化」) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介,或某個動作的結果的後綴)。firmāre是firmō (「使...穩固,固化」)的現在主動不定式,源自firmus (「穩固的,穩定的」),最終源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (「支撐」)。[2]
拉丁語詞用於《聖經》的武加大譯本中,用於翻譯七十士譯本(希臘語的《舊約聖經》)中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma, 「框架,基礎;天空」)一詞,該希臘語詞又用於翻譯希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, 「天穹」),源自詞根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`),在古典敘利亞語中的相似詞根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)(與「壓緊」有關)派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, 「固實的,穩固的;天空,天穹」)。[2]
發音[編輯]
名詞[編輯]
firmament (可數 和 不可數, 複數 firmaments)
- (通常不可數,書面,詩歌,亦比喻義) 天空,天穹,蒼穹
- Template:RQ:Geneva Bible
- Template:RQ:Shakespeare Hamlet Q1-2
- 1609, Everie VVoman in Her Humor, London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as John S. Farmer 編, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)[1], [Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:
- Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:
- And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 1667, John Milton, 「Book II」, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC,行號s 174–175:
- [W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- Template:RQ:Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress
- Template:RQ:Young Night-Thoughts
- 1825 January, H. G. B., 「The Bride of Parma」, 出自 The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […], 卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC,頁號 68,列號 2:
- And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 1831, James Bell, 「[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.」, 出自 A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […], 卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC,頁號 34:
- Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence,源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- Template:RQ:Eliot Middlemarch
- 2001 December, J. Robert King, 「Who are We?」, 出自 Brian Thomsen 編, Lancelot du Lethe, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN,頁號 229:
- On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 2002, Barbara Kingsolver, 「Small Wonder」, 出自 Small Wonder: Essays, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:
- The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 2013, Alexander Miller, 「The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond」, 出自 Michael Beaney 編, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy),頁號 658:
- [...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- (可數) 界,圈 (某個活動或利益的圈子)
- the international fashion firmament
- 國際時尚界
- 1997, Michael Schaller, 「Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50」, 出自 Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN,頁號 7:
- Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 1999, Shannon Wiley, 「Introduction」, 出自 Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版於 2001, →ISBN,頁號 8:
- By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- 2008, Adrienne L. McLean, 「A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet」, 出自 Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN,頁號 40:
- She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- (不可數,天文學,歷史) 第八天球;(可數,引申義) 天球
- 1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], 「Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.」, 出自 The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3,頁號 254:
- [B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- Template:RQ:Spectator
- 1715, H[enry] Curson, 「A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World」, 出自 A New Description of the World. […], 2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:
- The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- (不可數,聖經外棄用) 天界,天堂
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1,列號 1:
- Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- (可數,棄用) 頭巾上的星形珠寶
- 1690, [Mary Evelyn], 「A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room」, 出自 [John Evelyn] 編, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock』d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN,頁號 7:
- Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- [1690, [Mary Evelyn], 「The Fop-dictionary. […]」, 出自 [John Evelyn] 編, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock』d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN,頁號 18:
- Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)]
- (可數,棄用,亦比喻義) 基礎
- 2012 1月 25, Josh Brown, 「Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …」, 出自 Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal[2],於8 December 2013歸檔自原頁面:
- Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.
- (請為本引文添加中文翻譯)
- (可數,棄用) 穩固,鞏固,強化
衍生詞彙[編輯]
注釋[編輯]
- ↑ 源自Petrus Apianus; Gemma Frisius (1539) Petri Apiani cosmographia, per Gemmam Phrysium, apud Louanienses medicum ac mathematicum insignem, restituta: additis de adem re ipsius Gemmae Phry. libellis, ut sequens pagina docet, Antwerp: In pingui gallina Arnoldo Berckma[n]no [Arnold Birckmann], OCLC 1113627241.
參考資料[編輯]
- ↑ 「firmament, n.」 in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 「firmament, n.」, OED Online , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1896; 「firmament, n.」, Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
延伸閱讀[編輯]
- firmament在英語維基百科上的資料。維基百科 en
- Template:R:Britannica 1911
加泰羅尼亞語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
源自拉丁語 firmāmentum。
發音[編輯]
名詞[編輯]
firmament m (複數 firmaments)
延伸閱讀[編輯]
- 參見「firmament」 在 Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició(加泰羅尼亞語詞典,第二版), Institut d』Estudis Catalans中的解釋。
- 「firmament」, Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- 「firmament」 in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- 「firmament」 in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
荷蘭語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
源自中古荷蘭語 firmament,源自拉丁語 firmāmentum,由哲羅姆所造,用於翻譯古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma, 「穩固結構」),而其又用於翻譯希伯來語 רקיע (「天穹」)。
發音[編輯]
名詞[編輯]
firmament n (複數 firmamenten)
- 天空,天穹
- 近義詞: gespan、hemelgespan、uitspansel
派生語彙[編輯]
- → 帕皮阿門托語:firmament (過時)
法語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
繼承自中古法語 firmament,源自古法語 firmament,借自拉丁語 firmāmentum。
發音[編輯]
名詞[編輯]
firmament m (複數 firmaments)
延伸閱讀[編輯]
- 查看「firmament」在le Trésor de la langue française informatisé(《法語數字化寶庫》)中的釋義。
瑙魯語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
源自德語 Firmament,源自中古高地德語 firmament,源自晚期拉丁語 firmāmentum。
名詞[編輯]
firmament
奧克語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
源自拉丁語 firmāmentum。
發音[編輯]
(貝阿恩)音頻 (文檔)
名詞[編輯]
firmament m (複數 firmaments)
延伸閱讀[編輯]
- Joan de Cantalausa (2006) Diccionari general occitan a partir dels parlars lengadocians, 2版, ISBN 9782912293046, 頁484.
波蘭語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
古典借詞,源自拉丁語 firmāmentum。
發音[編輯]
名詞[編輯]
firmament m 無生
延伸閱讀[編輯]
- 參見firmament 在 Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN 中的內容
- 參見波蘭語詞典PWN上有關firmament的內容
羅馬尼亞語[編輯]
詞源[編輯]
借自法語 firmament,源自拉丁語 firmamentum。
名詞[編輯]
firmament n (不可數)
變格[編輯]
單數 | ||
---|---|---|
n性 | 不定 | 定 |
主格/賓格 | (un) firmament | firmamentul |
屬格/與格 | (unui) firmament | firmamentului |
呼格 | firmamentule |
- 缺少作者和編輯參數的參考模板
- 派生自原始印歐語的英語詞
- 來自原始印歐語詞根*dʰer-的英語詞
- 源自中古英語的英語繼承詞
- 派生自中古英語的英語詞
- 派生自古法語的英語詞
- 派生自拉丁語的英語詞
- 英語3音節詞
- 有國際音標的英語詞
- 有音頻鏈接的英語詞
- 英語詞元
- 英語名詞
- 英語不可數名詞
- 英語可數名詞
- 英語書面用語
- 英語詩歌語
- 有引文的英語詞
- 有使用例的英語詞
- 英語 天文學
- 英語有歷史詞義的詞
- 英語 聖經
- 英語棄用詞語
- 英語 淘汰的科學理論
- 英語 宇宙學
- 英語 天文
- 英語 球
- 含有後綴-ment的英語名詞
- 含有後綴-ment的英語詞
- 派生自拉丁語的加泰羅尼亞語詞
- 有國際音標的加泰羅尼亞語詞
- 加泰羅尼亞語詞元
- 加泰羅尼亞語名詞
- 加泰羅尼亞語可數名詞
- 加泰羅尼亞語陽性名詞
- 源自中古荷蘭語的荷蘭語繼承詞
- 派生自中古荷蘭語的荷蘭語詞
- 派生自拉丁語的荷蘭語詞
- 派生自古希臘語的荷蘭語詞
- 派生自希伯來語的荷蘭語詞
- 有國際音標的荷蘭語詞
- 有音頻鏈接的荷蘭語詞
- Rhymes:荷蘭語/ɛnt
- Rhymes:荷蘭語/ɛnt/3音節
- 荷蘭語詞元
- 荷蘭語名詞
- 荷蘭語中性名詞
- 源自中古法語的法語繼承詞
- 派生自中古法語的法語詞
- 源自古法語的法語繼承詞
- 派生自古法語的法語詞
- 派生自拉丁語的法語詞
- 法語3音節詞
- 有國際音標的法語詞
- 有音頻鏈接的法語詞
- 法語詞元
- 法語名詞
- 法語可數名詞
- 法語陽性名詞
- 源自德語的瑙魯語借詞
- 派生自德語的瑙魯語詞
- 派生自中古高地德語的瑙魯語詞
- 派生自晚期拉丁語的瑙魯語詞
- 瑙魯語詞元
- 瑙魯語名詞
- 派生自拉丁語的奧克語詞
- 有音頻鏈接的奧克語詞
- 奧克語詞元
- 奧克語名詞
- 奧克語陽性名詞
- 奧克語可數名詞
- 源自拉丁語的波蘭語借詞
- 源自拉丁語的波蘭語古典借詞
- 派生自拉丁語的波蘭語詞
- 波蘭語3音節詞
- 有國際音標的波蘭語詞
- 有音頻鏈接的波蘭語詞
- Rhymes:波蘭語/amɛnt
- Rhymes:波蘭語/amɛnt/3音節
- 波蘭語詞元
- 波蘭語名詞
- 波蘭語陽性名詞
- 波蘭語無生名詞
- 波蘭語有古舊詞義的詞
- 源自法語的羅馬尼亞語借詞
- 派生自法語的羅馬尼亞語詞
- 派生自拉丁語的羅馬尼亞語詞
- 羅馬尼亞語詞元
- 羅馬尼亞語名詞
- 羅馬尼亞語不可數名詞
- 羅馬尼亞語中性名詞